Advanced Placement (AP) Biology Practice Exam

What is a ligand in cellular communication?

1. A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

2. A type of enzyme that removes phosphate groups

3. A receptor protein that responds to signaling molecules

4. A nonprotein molecule that relays signals inside the cell

The correct answer is: A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

In the context of cellular communication, a ligand is specifically defined as a molecule that binds to another molecule, often a receptor, to initiate a response within a cell. Ligands are crucial for various signaling pathways, facilitating communication between cells and their environment. When a ligand binds to its specific receptor, it triggers a conformational change in the receptor that can lead to a cascade of biochemical events, ultimately affecting cellular activity. This process embodies the fundamental principle of signaling in biological systems, where the interaction between a ligand and its receptor is essential for transmitting information. Other options provided do not accurately represent what a ligand is. For example, enzymes are responsible for catalyzing reactions rather than serving as ligands, and receptor proteins, while critical in the signaling process, do not define what a ligand is.